Standing Waves on a String Essay Example

Standing Waves on a String Paper The objective of this experiment is to study the resonance modes of a stretched string by measuring directly in order to test the theoretical formula which relates the tension in the string to its length, mass, resonance frequency, and mode of vibration.  Definition of Standing Waves:  An oscillation pattern that has an outline which is resulting from the superposition of two identical waves traveling in opposite directions. Superposition occurs when two or more  waves are moving through a same linear medium at any point that the algebraic sum of the waves will be the resultant wave. Standing waves are produced from transverse sinusoidal waves having the same amplitude, frequency, wavelength, but traveling in the opposite directions in the same medium.  Sinusoidal Wave  Standing Waves at Fixed Ends:  When a string is put at two fixed ends and a tension is applied, waves are set up in the string as a superposition of waves that are reflected from both ends. Under a tension the string will oscillate and can reach several nodes of vibration. Nodes occur where there is not any amplitude, motion, in the string (wave). Antinodes occur where there is maximum amplitude and motion in the string (waves). The fixed ends of string are each nodes on the string. The distance between two nodes is equal to   where is the wavelength. The distance between a node and antinode is equal to 4. In the figure indicated below, the nodes and antinodes of the wave are labeled. We will write a custom essay sample on Standing Waves on a String specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Standing Waves on a String specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Standing Waves on a String specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In a wave, the distance between the nodes (1) and antinodes (2) is given by the formula:  (1) X = n (? / 2) n = 0, 1, 2n, where n can be any real number  Ã‚  (2) X = n (?/ 4) n = 1, 3, 52n+1 where n can be any real number  In a string that is fixed on both ends, no vertical oscillation will take place at the points of nodes. However, for the rest of the points in the medium of the wave there will be the same frequency, and vertical displacements will differ for each point throughout the medium of the wave. The string can have several patterns of oscillation. Each pattern is unique in its own form, and there is a different frequency for each pattern. These different patterns of oscillation are referred to as normal modes or harmonics. The length L of the string between the fixed ends of each different pattern of oscillation is given by the formula:  It was observed that the mass of the string per unit of length () can be found by knowing the frequency of a string, tension and the mode of vibration. In this experiment the mass of the string per unit of length was measured with two different methods. In the first method, the mathematical formula was used to calculate the for different patterns of created standing waves. In this formula, slope can be found from the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ vs. n graph. Then the final result was found by calculating the average of obtaineds. The second method was measuring the directly by using the formula , where the mass of the string was determined by using the electrical balance. The average that was calculated in the first method was (4.84 0.05) 10-4 Kg/m, and The value of by using the direct measurement was 5.1010-4 Kg/m 1.03   10-6 Kg/m. These two results are close to reach other, but the result by using the second way is more accurate because of the fact that in the second method an electrical balance was used to measure the weight of the string which is relatively more accurate. Since the mass of the string per unit of length values obtained through the both methods had minimum differences, this experiment was relatively a success. When finding resonance frequencies it was also known that the 2nd mode of vibration should be double the fundamental frequency. For example3 = 1 and so on. Although the values obtained for higher modes of vibration were close to being multiples of one another, they were not exact. The causes of why these errors have occurred are due to a number of reasons. The air resistance could have affected the standing wave of the string which consequently affects the frequency of the wave. When the string reaches higher modes of vibration becomes more difficult to sense where the nodes are which will impact the frequency. There also could have been some errors in weighing and measuring the length of the string. To reduce the errors of this experiment it could have been performed several times.

Haig †Butcher of the Somme Essays

Haig – Butcher of the Somme Essays Haig – Butcher of the Somme Essay Haig – Butcher of the Somme Essay Essay Topic: History Haig was appointed commander of the army on 10th of December 1915, and he had had a very successful military career. Haig decided to attack the Germans at the river Somme in 1916 to attract German soldiers from the town of Verdun where they were fighting the French and had almost broken through. But even though he was victorious there was a very high number of casualties. But does this make Field Marshall Haig The Butcher of The Somme?† â€Å"Britain should be prepared for a high loss of life,† was Haig’s view on the war, and this shows that he did recognise that the nature of World War One trench warfare meant that men’s lives would be the cost of ‘victory.’ Haig did expect large casualties, but made them larger than they should have been, as the strategies he used were very outdated, and by telling his soldiers to walk slowly in a line towards the enemy he, unfortunately, gave the enemy machine gunners an easy target. A German soldier is quoted to have said, â€Å"No longer call it war, this is mere murder.† : Haig also knew that the shells that were being used did not cut through the wire, but with so many resources and untrained men concentrated along this stretch of the front, there wasn’t much room for change, and plus there wasn’t a plan B anyway. Another fatal flaw in the planning was that some men had marched seven miles with a full pack, the day before the assault, so were tired, and therefore were not as useful as they could have been. Of course, certain facts have to be taken into consideration when deciding if Haig should be called â€Å"The Butcher of the Somme.† For instance: The force was made up of 500,000 volunteers with inadequate training, plus the British force was commanded by young officers with no experience who had risen too fast owing to the number of Junior officers lost. Also Joffre’s force at Verdun needed relief, so he was forced to attack as soon as possible, as if they waited until August the French army would cease to exist. In addition to this, Haig was pressurised into making a decision due to the soldiers’ morale, as many believed that the Somme would be a turning-point in the war, and that soldiers’ morale would be lifted. One overwhelming fact about the battle of the Somme, is that three lives were lost per foot of ground gained. This shows the sheer size and scale of human loss in this great Battle. Also, the taking of Delville wood cost 80,000 British troops, and taking Pozieres cost 23,000 Anzacs, which again is a huge loss. To an extent I do think that Haig does deserve to be nicknamed ‘Butcher of the Somme’, as there was ‘futile death due to incompetent leadership’ – there were more men lost on that day than ever before, or since then – but I do think part of the failure, was due to misfortune rather than bad planning. For instance, how can Haig be blamed for the failure of Joffre’s force at Verdun, of for the 17 tanks that failed to start on 15th September. Anyway, the battle wasn’t a complete failure, the British did eventually gain a bit of land it just dragged on for months. Maybe the historian Richard Holmes is right – perhaps the British came out better, but the price was too high.

Types of Surveys for Sociology Research

Types of Surveys for Sociology Research Surveys are valuable research tools within sociology and are commonly used by social scientists for a wide variety of research projects. They are especially useful because they enable researchers to collect data on a mass scale, and to use that data to conduct statistical analyses that reveal conclusive results about how the variety of variables measured interact. The three most common forms of survey research are the questionnaire, interview, and telephone poll   Questionnaires Questionnaires, or printed or digital surveys, are useful because they can be distributed to many people, which means they allow for a large and randomized sample - the hallmark of valid and trustworthy empirical research. Prior to the twenty-first century, it was common for questionnaires to be distributed through the mail. While some organizations and researchers still do this, today, most opt for digital web-based questionnaires. Doing so requires fewer resources and time, and streamlines the data collection and analysis processes. However they are conducted, a commonality among questionnaires is that they feature a set list of questions for participants to respond to by selecting from a set of provided answers. These are closed-ended questions paired with fixed categories of response. While such questionnaires are useful because they allow for a large sample of participants to be reached at low cost and with minimal effort, and they yield clean data ready for analysis, there are also drawbacks to this survey method. In some cases, a respondent may not believe that any of the offered responses accurately represents their views or experiences, which may lead them to not answer or to select an answer that is inaccurate. Also, questionnaires can typically only be used with people who have a registered mailing address, or an email account and access to the internet, so this means that segments of the population without these cannot be studied with this method. Interviews While interviews and questionnaires share the same approach by asking respondents a set of structured questions, they differ in that interviews allow researchers to ask open-ended questions that create more in-depth and nuanced data sets than those afforded by questionnaires. Another key difference between the two is that interviews involve social interaction between the researcher and the participants because they are either conducted in person or over the phone. Sometimes, researchers combine questionnaires and interviews in the same research project by following up some questionnaire responses with more in-depth interview questions. While interviews offer these advantages, they too can have their drawbacks. Because they are based on social interaction between researcher and participant, interviews require a fair degree of trust, especially regarding sensitive subjects, and sometimes this can be difficult to achieve. Further, differences of race, class, gender, sexuality, and culture between researcher and participant can complicate the research collection process. However, social scientists are trained to anticipate these kinds of problems and to deal with them when they arise, so interviews are a common and successful survey research method. Telephone Polls A telephone poll is a questionnaire that is done over the telephone. The response categories are typically pre-defined (closed-ended) with little opportunity for respondents to elaborate their responses. Telephone polls can be very costly and time-consuming, and since the introduction of the Do Not Call Registry, telephone polls have become harder to conduct. Many times respondents are not open to taking these phone calls and hang up before responding to any questions. Telephone polls are used often during political campaigns or to get consumer opinions about a product or service. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

Journaling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Journaling - Essay Example We encountered a case of a staff who entered an isolation room without proper equipment. This case enabled us to carry out reinforcement and re-education for all staff to ensure they understood the importance of complying with the infection compliance policy. At the end of the week, analysis showed that there was reduced isolation in the second week doing rounds and feedback sent to relevant heads. This week’s objective was to ensure that proper plans were implemented to improve care of delivery. We encountered a case of a minor being left in the inpatient units for about half an hour and immediately alerted the parents of the minor and handed them with a print out of the policy that prohibited such minors in the wards. According to Zaccagnini & White (2011), this is to ensure hospital acquired infections are avoided. It was my final week for my practicum experience, two infection control staff that I was working with evaluated me, and the results were impressive. Later in the final day, I also met with my preceptor and showed my appreciation for the assistance throughout the four

Relationship between Rose and Ruby in the novel The Girls Essay

Relationship between Rose and Ruby in the novel The Girls - Essay Example The girls in Lori Lansens’ â€Å"The Girls,† are the extraordinary ones. How to describe the relationship between Rose and Ruby in the novel, â€Å"The Girls†? Its description in one word is, ‘divine’! From the secular point of view, the relationship is both scientific and human. At the beginning of the story Lori Lansens (2007,p.5) makes mention of it in the own words of the sisters thus: â€Å"We have an unspoken, even unconscious, system of checks and balance to determine who’ll lead the way at any given moment. There is conflict. There is compromise.† Each moment, each day of their life is miraculous, yet regulated struggle. Is it a difficult one? One should be hesitant to assert thus. They find an unspeakable joy through their struggles. Their trials and tribulations are extraordinary ones, considering the fact that they are at the threshold of their thirtieth birthday. What a glorious saga it must have been! It is too poignant and adventurous for the printed page to capture! They faced ridicule and admiration with the rarest of rare equanimity of their minds and Lansens puts it thus: â€Å"We’ve been called many things: freaks, horrors, monsters, devils, witches, retards, wonders, marvels. To most, we’re a curiosity. ... ides of our twin heads.†(p.3)They are separate, yet joined together through a very, very special procedure that is difficult for the ordinary mind to comprehend. In the words of Rose, â€Å"When Ruby is tired; I’m hardly ever ready for bed. We’re rarely hungry together and our tastes are poles apart. I prefer spicy fare, while my sister has a disturbing fondness for eggs.†(p.5)The conjoined twins since their birth have many things in common. They remained joined at the head. Their ‘life-together’ began thus: Rub’s arm curled around rose’s neck, her foreshortened legs wrapped around Rose’s hips. The journey of their life has been an incomparable one. Rose enjoys reading and writing, Ruby likes to watch TV and spend time with the kids. They have the normal quota of quarrels like other sisters. If Rose consumes alcohol, Ruby would turn sick. Even the pattern of their jobs is different. In the library Rose shelves books and Rub y reads out the content loud to children. On every count of similarity and difference, their lives are delicate and baffling. In the chronicle of their life’s journey they create many head-lines. The physical relationship between the two sisters is a marvel right from birth. Lansens writes, â€Å"How long must they have stared before someone spoke? Our combined weight at birth was ten pounds seven ounces. I was the longer one; my legs perfectly formed my torso somewhat shorter than normal, making my arms appears somewhat longer.†(p.23) Ruby is pretty, but short and truncated and cannot walk. She is a permanent load on the hip of Rose. Though tall, Rose has a distorted and grotesque face because Ruby’s head constantly pulls at hers. The story has a great philosophical message explained through the struggles of the two girls, physical

Microsoft Office Essay Example for Free

Microsoft Office Essay The office uses Microsoft Office 2003 Professional Edition which is the leading software in the market today. It offers significant advantages which include excellent functionality, improved collaboration between people, information and processes, attractive and easy to use interface and useful collection of applications.   Among the Office 2003 applications which are commonly used include: Outlook: The 2003 Professional Edition has given a much better look to Outlook than before.   The software offers new and advanced features such as improved junk mail facility and addition of data markers which allow the user to see not just the date but the day when an email was sent or received. Word: The most common and useful word-processing tool available today.   The 2003 version is quite advanced and understands the XML file format.   It comes with easy editing and formatting tools, graphs and diagram templates, spell check, grammar and thesaurus and an overall user-friendly interface.   A key disadvantage with Word is the amount of memory it takes up which is higher than the older versions. Excel:   Excel is a very handy tool when it comes to dealing with data and data related activities.   It enables the user to turn data into useful information and offers tools which help in the analysis, communication and sharing of that data and its key findings and conclusions.   Excel also offers the added advantage of using Extensible Markup Language (XML) data which provides users greater flexibility to connect with business processes.   Excel spreadsheets are easy to use and read and provide easy access to important information.   The software is a must for any company and allows timely access to information and helps smooth the process of decision making.   Overall, it’s easy to use but a key disadvantage is the difficulty of using pivot tables and numerical calculations through formulas. PowerPoint: PowerPoint allows the user to crate presentations that have more impact and that have the ability to transmit information in a more accurate and interesting manner.   This software can help create amazing presentations with the use of graphics, animation and multimedia.   Presenting is quite easy with various slide show tools and transitions.   With PowerPoint, it is also quite easy to share and exchange relevant presentations with others by sharing them and by using the shared attachment option.   Important and confidential presentations can be secured by preventing others from copying or printing the slides.   This can be done through the Information Rights Management functionality. FrontPage:   This software is another important tool especially in todays age of the World Wide Web.   Microsoft FrontPage offers great features, flexibility and functionality and allows users to create unique and attractive websites.   It provides easy to use designing and publishing tools and also allows users to test their site with various combinations and resolutions to determine how it would eventually turn out to be.   Users can take advantage of multiple images and content and build websites that are effective and attractive. Windows Server 2003: The Windows 2003 Server is an extremely essential and effective operating system that helps organizations create strong infrastructure and make a network which would work with great efficiency.   The 2003 server offers enhanced security, increased reliability and is extremely easy to use and administer.   This software is great to collaborate with people, information, systems and devices.   While it offers great benefits, a major disadvantage of Windows Server 2003 is that it requires more system resources. It also needs to reboot more frequently than UNIX or Linux.   It is comparatively more expensive than other operating systems.

Brave New World Essay -- Essays Papers

Brave New World George Santayana once said, â€Å"Ideal society is a drama enacted exclusively in the imagination.† In life, there is no such thing as a â€Å"complete utopia†, although that is what many people try to achieve. Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is an attempt at a utopian society. In this brave new world, mothers and fathers and family are non-existent. Besides being non-existent, when words of that sort are mentioned, ears are covered and faces of disgust are made. In a report to the Controller, Bernard wrote,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦This is partly due, no doubt to the fact that he heard them talked about by the woman Linda, his m-----â€Å"(106). Words of the sort cannot even be written. Art, history, and the ability to have emotions are shunned. This utopia is shown as a perfect world in which everyone is happy. If this was true, the people would not need to take soma, an equivalent along the lines of a cross between one of today’s â€Å"designer drugsâ⠂¬  and Prozac. The Director, who goes nameless for most of the story, is less important than the controller is, and he also knows less. This is shown by his shock when the Controller dares to speak about two of the forbidden topics, history and biological parents. It is believed that topics of this nature will cause this utopia to deteriorate. Once the utopia deteriorates, people are not happy all the time. Even by its own criteria though, Brave New World is not a society where everyone is in fact happy. There are asylums in Iceland...

Dbq Indian Removal Essay

DBQ When the Native Americans lived east of the Mississippi river, they didn’t want to follow the law and be part of U.S. government and wanted to govern their own people. Andrew Jackson being a president of United States didn’t want the group to ignore the government therefore, proposed to move them west of the Mississippi river. In order to justify and keep threats away from the U.S. settlers, the U.S. government promised them bigger land, money, pay for their needs and support for one year as said in the excerpt from Indian Removal Act 1830 (source 1). This act should be justified because it resolved the conflicts between the U.S. and the Indies were given comparable land and support. In Source 2 Andrew Jackson makes a speech about if the Indians movie it will benefit the U.S. and make Alabama and Mississippi stronger. The U.S. wanted to separate the Indians for many reasons. Andrew Jackson wanted the Indians to stay away from whites, â€Å"by opening the whole territory between the Tennessee on the north Louisiana on the south to the settlement of the whites will incalculably strengthen the southwest frontier and render the adjustment States strong enough to repel future invasion without remote aid†( article 2). Also the government thought if they separated the Indian it will enable them to stay away from whites and convince them from their own savage habits and make them more interesting and important. When the government told the Indians to move, they said they would give them bigger land, money and support to move. â€Å"The Cherokee Nations cedes to the United States all the land claimed by said Nation east of the Mississippi River†¦ 7,000,000 acres of land is guaranteed to the Cherokees west of the Mississippi† (source 5). The United States as well, â€Å"agreed that the land herein guaranteed to the Cherokees shall never, without their consent, be included within†¦any State or Territory† (source 5). As the Indians were getting ready to leave, the Americans took away â€Å"all laws†¦ and regulations†¦enacted by the Cherokee Indians†¦ are hereby declared to be null and void and no effect, as if the same had never existed.†(source 3). Organizer Details/ evidence * Paragraph 2 * The U.S. wanted to separate the Indians for many reasons. * Andrew Jackson wanted the Indians to stay away from whites * â€Å"By opening the whole territory between the Tennessee on the north Louisiana on the south to the settlement of the whites will incalculably strengthen the southwest frontier and render the adjustment States strong enough to repel future invasion without remote aid† (article 2). * the government thought if they separated the Indian it will enable them to stay away from whites and convince them from their own savage habits and make them more interesting and important. * Paragraph 3 * When the government told the Indians to move, they said they would give them bigger land, money and support to move. * â€Å"The Cherokee Nations cedes to the United States all the land claimed by said Nation east of the Mississippi River†¦ 7,000,000 acres of land is guaranteed to the Cherokees west of the Mississippi† (source 5). * The United States as well, â€Å"agreed that the land herein guaranteed to the Cherokees shall never, without their consent, be included within†¦any State or Territory† (source 5). * As the Indians were getting ready to leave, the Americans took away â€Å"all laws†¦ and regulations†¦enacted by the Cherokee Indians†¦ are hereby declared to be null and void and no effect, as if the same had never existed.†(Source 3).

Isolation in “a Rose for Emily” and “the Yellow Wallpaper”

â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman are two well written short stories that entail both similarities and differences. Both short stories were written in the late 1800’s early 1900’s and depict the era when women were viewed less important than men. The protagonist in each story is a woman, who is confined in solitary due to the men in their lives. The narrator in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the mutual voice of the townspeople of Jefferson, while Emily Grierson is the main character in the story that undergoes a sequence of bad events. The unnamed, female narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is also the main character whose journal we read. This difference in tense gives each story a different outlook on the situations at hand. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† we get the thoughts and actions of the unnamed narrator as she sees it, while in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† we get Emily’s thoughts form dialogue and her actions from the narration of the townspeople. A comparison between the protagonist in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† enables readers to interpret the main character’s isolation from their community and state of mind. In each section of â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, the narrator goes back and forth in time telling stories of Miss Emily’s life. Emily’s father was a controlling man who ran off all prospect men of Emily’s (Faulkner 77). This caused Emily to be an unhappy, middle-aged, single woman who was the talk of the town. Miss Emily isolated herself from all people, except having a male Negro housekeeper who ran all her errands and took care of her house. According to Floyd C. Watkins’ â€Å"The Structure of ‘A Rose For Emily’ in Modern Language Notes, â€Å"The inviolability of Miss Emily’s isolation is maintained in the central division, part three, which no outsider enters her home† (509). In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† it is revealed at the beginning of the story that the unnamed female narrator is â€Å"sick† or depressed, and therefore is taken far away from people she knows to rest and get better (Gilman 408). From Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature, Paula A. Treichler’s â€Å"Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’† informs readers â€Å"The narrator is forbidden to engage in normal social conversation [†¦] and avoid expressing negative thoughts and expressions about her illness† (61). Although both women were isolated, Emily isolated herself while the unnamed narrator was forcefully isolated. In both short stories the main character is judged by the surrounding people: Emily as a conceited, ill woman, and the unnamed narrator as a â€Å"sick†, depressed woman. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† the townspeople were extremely nosey and very judgmental about how people should live there life. Watkins argues â€Å"The contrast between Emily and the townspeople and between her home and her surroundings is carried out by the invasion of her home by the adherents of the new order in the town† (509). Also it is displayed sometime after Emily’s father died when she went to the druggist and ordered arsenic to kill rats (Faulkner 78-79). â€Å"†¦The next day we [the townspeople] all said, ‘She will kill herself’; and we [the townspeople] said it would be the best thing (Faulkner 79). In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† the unnamed narrator is judged by her family and friends. In the introduction of the story the unnamed narrator reveals that her husband, also a physician, belittles her illness and her general thoughts of life (Gilman 408). â€Å"If a physician of high standing, and one’s own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression–a slight hysterical tendency–what is one to do? † (Gilman 408). The narrator is left in the â€Å"colonial mansion† for the summer, not seeing anyone except her husband, John, John’s sister, Jennie, who takes care of the narrator and the house, and some family members who came to visit for a short while. By the end of each story we realize that both Emily and the unnamed narrator are clearly insane. After Emily’s death and funeral, the nosey townspeople enter her home and break down a locked away room that had not been entered in forty years (Faulkner 80). In the room they found the decaying body of Homer Barron, the man that she wished to marry (81). â€Å"The body had apparently once lain in the attitude of embrace, but now the long sleep that outlasts love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him† (Faulkner 81). A â€Å"long strand of iron-gray hair† was on the pillow next to him, indicating that Emily is the result of this tragedy (Faulkner 81). Although the townspeople had always thought of Emily as crazy, this finally proved them right. Throughout â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† it is noted that the unnamed narrator is ill. After being secluded in the upstairs room, â€Å"the yellow wallpaper comes to occupy the narrator’s entire reality† affirming her loss of sanity and isolation from the world (Treichler 62). â€Å"There are things in that wallpaper that nobody knows about but me. †¦] And it is like a woman stooping down and creeping about that pattern† (Gilman 413). The unnamed narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† had torn down all the wallpaper and locked herself in the room in order to get the woman out from behind the wallpaper (Gilman 417). It is interpreted that the woman behind the wallpaper is actually the narrator’s shadow. T he parallel enabling comparison and contrast between the main characters in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† reveals separation, seclusion, and depression as a result of life circumstances. While differences of circumstances exist in the compared short stories, resemblances permit readers to observe events leading to associations between the two protagonists. According to reviews, isolation by both characters is exposed as an entry into the short stories. In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† review by Treischler, the confirmation of the unnamed narrator being isolated is affirmed stating â€Å"The narrator of ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ has come with her husband to an isolated country estate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (62). The review of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by Watkins verifies the isolation of Emily when he communicates â€Å"†¦she withdraws more and more until her own death again exposes her to the townspeople. † (509). The short stories â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† possess protagonist as the main character that reveal connections of separation enabling associations between the two characters. Work Cited Faulkner, William. â€Å"A Rose for Emily. † Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Fourth Compact Edition. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 75-81. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Fourth Compact Edition. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008, 408-418. Treichler, Paula A. â€Å"Escaping the Sentence: Diagnosis and Discourse in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’. † Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature. 3. 5 (1984): 61-77. JSTOR. Web. 11 March 2010. Watkins, Floyd C. â€Å"The Structure of ‘A Rose for Emily’. † Modern Language Notes. 69. 7 (1954): 508-510. JSTOR. Web. 16 February 2010.

Sniffy the Virtual Rat

Sniffy the Virtual Rat Introduction Scholars dealing with human and animal behavior have come up with different theories to explain how behavior is acquired or how it becomes extinct. Such scholars include BF Skinner, who advanced operant conditioning theory and Ivan Pavlov, who advanced classical conditioning theory. In this paper, classical and operant conditioning experiments shall be designed. The significance of the experiments and how they relate to human behavior and thinking shall be explained.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sniffy the Virtual Rat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Classical conditioning This is a behavioral learning theory advanced by Ivan Pavlov. In classical conditioning, learning takes place as a result of pairing a natural stimulus together with an environmental stimulus (Hall, 1998). In order for learning to take place, a neutral stimulus is placed before a natural stimulus. According to Cherry (2012) , behavior is learnt through association of the two stimuli. A visit to the dentist experiment Miss Y has cavities on most of her teeth. It is not the first time for her to have such a problem. In the past, she has been to the dentist and had some of the teeth with cavities extracted. The first time, she found a female doctor who extracted the tooth but she felt no pain. The second time, she found a male dentist who extracted the decayed tooth. However, the experience was not the same as the one she had during her first extraction. The male dentist extracted the tooth in a way that caused her a lot of pain. During the second time when she felt a lot of pain, Miss Y noted some of the characteristics of the dentist who performed the operation. The male dentist was wearing a white apron, had spectacles on and was from a different racial group (race A). During her subsequent visit to the dentist to have another tooth extracted, Miss Y finds another dentist that she has never met. Howeve r, the dentist is a man, wearing a white apron, with spectacles on and from race A. Before even explaining her problem to this dentist, Miss Y starts shaking due to fear. She starts feeling a lot of pain on her tooth that has not been aching while she was coming to the dentist. Miss Y is behaving in this manner because she has learnt to associate pain during teeth extraction with male dentist of a certain race. Miss Y decides to check another dentist to extract the tooth. Her next stop lands her to a lady dentist. Miss Y is now relaxed and ready to go through the process of extraction. She associates the experience is expecting to have with the past painless procedure that she underwent when the extraction was done by a lady. For the rest of the times that she visits a dentist, Miss Y requests to have a lady dentist work on her. Consequently, she claims that the extraction is always painless.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After Miss Y has had her dental problems dealt with, she does not feel the need to continue visiting the dentist as regularly as she did. However, whenever she goes to the hospital and finds a male doctor from race A, she is gripped by intense fear and starts feeling pain in her body. On the contrary, whenever she goes to the hospital and finds a lady doctor, she is more relaxed and less fearful. She says that she feels little or no pain at all when she is treated by a lady doctor. Miss Y is conditioned that all male doctors from race A inflict pain upon their patient during treatment. On the other hand, all female doctors treat their patients with less pain. Therefore, whenever Miss Y sees a male doctor from race A, even when she does not need his services, she is filled with fear. Baby and mother experiment Another example of classical conditioning can be illustrated through a mother’s relationship with her young child. When the child is with the mother, it is naturally quiet and at times jovial. However, when the mother carries her handbag and is about to leave for work, the baby starts to cry. Every time the baby sees the mother carry her handbag, it starts to cry because it is aware that the mother is about to leave. This happens after the mother repeatedly leaves for work whenever she carries her handbag. The baby therefore associates the handbag with being left behind by the mother. After continuously pairing the handbag with the mother’s departure, the baby starts to cry whenever she sees a handbag, even when the mother is not leaving. The mother in this case is the neutral stimulus, leaving the baby behind is the unconditioned stimulus, crying the unconditioned response, the mother the conditioned stimulus and crying the conditioned response. The baby’s association of the handbag with being left behind results to generalization. In this case, the baby cries whenever the mother carries anything else that looks like a bag, even when she is not leaving. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning was first proposed by Burrhus Frederic Skinner commonly known as BF Skinner (Mcleod, 2007). Skinner drew a lot from Thorndike’s work. The most important components of operant conditioning are reinforcement, rewards and punishment. If one reinforces a certain behavior, there is likelihood for the behavior to be exhibited again. However, if behavior is not reinforced, it will most probably be weakened and eventually become extinct. Reinforcement Positive reinforcement can be demonstrated through the use of a hungry dog placed in a special box. The box has a lever that is strategically placed at the side. The rat is able to move freely inside the box. However, during some of its movement, the rat accidentally steps on the lever at the side of the box. When this happens, the rat notices a food pellet near the lever it has stepped on. The rat learns that pres sing the lever is rewarded by provision of food.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sniffy the Virtual Rat specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the rat continues pressing the lever as many times as possible and the outcome is still the same. In this case, the behavior of pressing the lever is reinforced because it results to something desirable. Therefore, the rat continues to press the lever every time it needs something to eat. This is an example of positive reinforcement, which strengthens a given behavior and increases its chance of recurrence. Behavior is reinforced through rewarding one’s behavior with a desirable consequence. The behavior is likely to be repeated in future if a desirable consequence is provided. Negative reinforcement According to Mcleod (2007), another way of strengthening behavior is the use of negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement is applicable to the rat in th e box experiment that we used for positive reinforcement. To introduce negative reinforcement, one would expose the rat to something that is not pleasant, for example an electric current. The lever should be set such that the electric current switches off immediately it is pressed by the rat. Therefore, the rat would learn that pressing the lever provided a way of escape from the unpleasant electric current that it is subjected to. Every time the electric current is switched on in the box, the rat will have a tendency to move to where the lever is and press it in order to escape the unpleasant conditions in the box. The action is repeated over and over again because the rat has learnt how to escape the discomfort caused by the electric current. Punishment Punishment is meant to cause a response to be weak or to make it extinct as opposed to reinforcement that is meant to increase the probability of occurrence of a behavior. There are two ways that can be used to issue out punishment . The first involves application of an unpleasant stimulus after something wrong has been done. The other one is denial of a rewarding stimulus whenever an undesired behavior is exhibited. Punishment is very similar to negative reinforcement. This type of conditioning can be used to encourage positive behavior in both animals and human beings. It can also be used to discourage negative behavior in humans and animals. Behavior learnt through operant conditioning is easily stopped when the consequences that were encouraging its occurrence are withdrawn. This is what is called extinction. These experiments enhance the classical conditioning theory advanced by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning advanced by Burrhus Frederic Skinner. They show that some behavior that human beings exhibit have been acquired through association of a natural stimulus with the environment as in classical conditioning.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other behaviors are become permanent or extinct due to positive or negative reinforcement and punishment, as proposed by operant conditioning theory. The theories are applicable in day to day life in both humans and animals. Conclusion The experiments support the two theories of behavior acquisition namely: classical and operant conditioning. The animal experiments conducted by BF Skinner and Ivan Pavlov relate very closely to human thinking and behavior. Reference List Cherry, K. (2012). The Little Albert Experiment: A Closer Look at the Famous Case of Little Albert. New York: About.com. Web. Hall, R. (1998). Classical Conditioning. Web. Mcleod, S. (2007). Skinner Operant Conditioning. London: Psychology Press. Web.

Definition and Examples of Closed Class Words

Definition and Examples of Closed Class Words In  English grammar,  closed class  refers to the  category of function words- that is, parts of speech (or word classes)- that dont readily accept new members. Contrast with open class. The closed classes in English include pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and prepositions. See examples and observations below: Examples and Observations [C]losed-class words are those belonging to the grammatical, or function, classes . . .. Function words in English include conjunctions (and, or), articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), and prepositions (to, from, at, with). To take one specific case, consider the word and. The essential feature of the word and is that it functions grammatically to conjoin words and phrases, as seen in the combination of noun phrases the woman and the man. Any change in membership in such a class happens only very slowly (over centuries) and in small increments. Thus, a speaker of English may well encounter dozens of new nouns and verbs during the coming year; but it is extremely unlikely that the English language will acquire a new article (or lose a current one) in the coming year (or even in the speakers lifetime). (Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT, 2001)Prepositions have gradually expanded their membership somewhat by admitting part iciples such as including, concerning, but the remaining classes are very resistant to the introduction of new items. This has been noticeable in recent years when attempts have been made to find gender-neutral pronouns. (Angela Downing and Philip Locke, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2002) Functions of Closed-Class Words Closed-class words or function words are limited in number and act as markers or guides to the structure of a sentence. The role of articles is to signal nouns. Prepositions mark special relationships between persons, objects, and locations. Conjunctions are connectors that link actors or objects, and specify relationships between clauses in the sentence. Open- and closed-class words occupy certain slots in sentences and set up a frame for interpreting the interrelationships between actors, actions, and objects. (Diane McGuinness, Language Development and Learning to Read. MIT, 2005) Open Class Words Evolve to Closed Class Words The closed classes include pronouns (you, them), modal verbs (could, must), determiners (a, the), prepositions (of, in), and conjunctions (and, but). New members of these classes are not added to the language very often. Instead, they tend to gradually evolve from lexical words in a process called grammaticalization. For example, the lexical verb go means to move (toward a goal). But its progressive form be going (to) has evolved into a grammaticalized prospective (future) marker, as in Shes going to love her gift. The movement meaning of go has been bleached out of the grammaticalized version, and so the going in be going to can be considered to be a function word, rather than a content word. The closed classes represent a more restricted range of meanings, and the meanings of closed-class words tend to be less detailed and less referential than open-class words. (M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning. Cambridge University Press, 2010)

The aspects related to the ways of operations for a German car company Essay

The aspects related to the ways of operations for a German car company in China - Essay Example According to the research conducting business in foreign market necessitates consideration of several aspects. The economic condition, industry situation, cultural aspects, foreign investment strategies, government policies and risks need to be duly considered before entering in a foreign market. The economic development of China has become an issue of concern for several businesspersons. Before 1978, China was considered as centrally strategic and closed economy. Since then, China propelled numerous economic reorganisations. The central government had introduced the price and proprietorship inducements, inaugurated four Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in order to entice foreign investment, increased exports and imports of high-tech products among others. In China, the car industry is considered as one of the major sectors for industrial development and innovation efforts. In recent times, China has become one of the fastest car producers internationally. The car industry of China has continued to expand in spite of recent economic crisis. The report will describe the business systems of China and Germany and provide brief description about the methods for a German car company to conduct business in the Chinese market. Several factors such as business systems of the countries, foreign direct investment policies, and political aspects affecting the car industries, entry strategies, and recommendations for resolving the financial risks are considered in this report. 1.0 Analysis of National Business System and Cultural Condition in China & Its Impact on Automobile Industry China is one of the significant nations in Asian region in terms of business, cultural influence and population. China has experienced steady economic development in recent times and this progression is extensively expected to continue in future (Grainger & Chatterjee, n.d.). Through analysing the national business system of China, three aspects have been identified which are adaptability, creati vity and competency; and any company entering into China must comply with these three aspects. China follows the capitalist business system. The private sector in China contains huge numbers of small and medium organisations which operate their businesses in regional market or engage